![]() ![]() Religious people go on pilgrimages to visit sacred Biblical sites. The peasants work the land in exchange for food and protection. Kings give sections of land called fiefs to lords in exchange for help during wars. Rome, Florence, Venice, and other Italians towns become city-states. As a ruler Alfred encourages education by establishing schools.Ĭity states and feudal systems (1000 - 1200 A.D.). He signs a treaty, splitting England between him and the Danes. In order to protect themselves, kingships are created.Īlfred the Great of England rules (871 - 899 A.D.).Īlfred the Great defeats the Danes (Vikings) in 878. The first castles are built around this time.Īfter Charlemagne's son dies, the kingdom is split into three. He is crowned "Emperor of the Romans" in 800 by Pope Leo III. As he conquers land, he extends his faith. ![]() Charles Martel, the Frank king, stops the Muslims' northward push in 732.Ĭharles Martel's grandson, Charlemagne, becomes the new Frank king. Muslim invasions halted (741 - 732 A.D.).Īlong with barbarians from the north, Muslims begin to conquer lands from the south. He wants to reunite the western and eastern empires, but cannot do so. About 412, protective walls are built to keep the city safe from invaders. In 476 the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, is thrown out of Rome by German invader Odoacer.Įastern Roman Empire continues (412 - 565 A.D.).Įmperor Constantine I has made Constantinople his capital in 330. In 410 the Visogoth king, Alaric, attacks Rome for three days. The Western Roman Empire is still ruled by Rome. The Roman Empire has been split into two sections. Some settle and make their conquered lands their home. Such groups include the Anglo-Saxons, the Vandals, the Visogoths, and the Huns. The earliest written accounts, including Egyptian hieroglyphs and petroglyphs (rock engravings), are also dated to this era.Barbaric tribes come into the Roman lands to steal and to find better places to live. Organized government, law and warfare, as well as the beginnings of religion, also came into play during the Bronze Age, perhaps most notably relating to the ancient Egyptians who built the pyramids during this time. Home dwellings morphed to so-called roundhouses, consisting of a circular stone wall with a thatched or turf roof, complete with a fireplace or hearth, and more villages and cities began to form. This time period also brought advances in architecture and art, including the invention of the potter’s wheel, and textiles-clothing consisted of mostly wool items such as skirts, kilts, tunics and cloaks. Now used for weapons and tools, the harder metal replaced its stone predecessors, and helped spark innovations including the ox-drawn plow and the wheel. to 1,300 B.C.), metalworking advances were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered. Village life in Grimspound, a late Bronze Age settlement situated on Dartmoor in Devon, England.ĭuring the Bronze Age (about 3,000 B.C. Advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving. They used polished hand axes, adzes for plowing and tilling the land and started to settle in the plains. They domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains. to 3,000 B.C.), ancient humans switched from hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture and food production. Agriculture was introduced during this time, which led to more permanent settlements in villages.įinally, during the Neolithic period (roughly 8,000 B.C. They often lived nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of water. to 8,000 B.C.), humans used small stone tools, now also polished and sometimes crafted with points and attached to antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrows. They get their name from the distinctive mounds (middens) of shells and other kitchen debris they left behind.ĭuring the Mesolithic period (about 10,000 B.C. The Shell Mound People, or Kitchen-Middeners, were hunter-gatherers of the late Mesolithic and early Neolithic period. ![]()
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